The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance
Identifieur interne : 000128 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000127; suivant : 000129The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance
Auteurs : Florian Gehre [Gambie, Belgique] ; Jacob Otu [Gambie] ; Lindsay Kendall [Gambie] ; Audrey Forson [Ghana] ; Awewura Kwara [États-Unis] ; Samuel Kudzawu [Ghana] ; Aderemi O. Kehinde [Nigeria] ; Oludele Adebiyi ; Kayode Salako ; Ignatius Baldeh [Gambie] ; Aisha Jallow [Gambie] ; Mamadou Jallow [Gambie] ; Anoumou Dagnra [Togo] ; Kodjo Dissé [Togo] ; Essosimna A. Kadanga [Togo] ; Emmanuel Oni Idigbe [Nigeria] ; Catherine Onubogu [Nigeria] ; Nneka Onyejepu [Nigeria] ; Aissatou Gaye-Diallo [Sénégal] ; Awa Ba-Diallo [Sénégal] ; Paulo Rabna [Guinée-Bissau] ; Morto Mane [Guinée-Bissau] ; Moumine Sanogo [Mali] ; Bassirou Diarra [Mali] ; Zingue Dezemon [Burkina Faso] ; Adama Sanou [Burkina Faso] ; Madikay Senghore [Gambie, Royaume-Uni] ; Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams [Gambie, Royaume-Uni] ; Edward Demba [Gambie] ; Tutty Faal-Jawara [Gambie] ; Samrat Kumar [Belgique] ; Leopold D. Tientcheu [Gambie, Cameroun] ; Adama Jallow [Gambie] ; Samba Ceesay [Gambie] ; Ifedayo Adetifa [Royaume-Uni, Gambie] ; Assan Jaye [Gambie] ; Mark J. Pallen [Royaume-Uni] ; Umberto D Lessandro [Royaume-Uni, Gambie, Belgique] ; Beate Kampmann [Gambie, Royaume-Uni] ; Richard A. Adegbola [Belgique] ; Souleymane Mboup [Sénégal] ; Tumani Corrah [Gambie] ; Bouke C. De Jong [Belgique] ; Martin Antonio [Gambie, Royaume-Uni]Source :
- BMC Medicine [ 1741-7015 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte, Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie), Antituberculeux (usage thérapeutique), Femelle, Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet, Humains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification), Mâle, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Prévalence, Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (diagnostic), Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (traitement médicamenteux), Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (épidémiologie).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- isolement et purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- traitement médicamenteux : Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- usage thérapeutique : Antituberculeux.
- épidémiologie : Afrique de l'Ouest, Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- Adulte, Femelle, Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet, Humains, Mâle, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Prévalence.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Africa, Western (epidemiology), Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (diagnosis), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (drug therapy), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (epidemiology), Female, Humans, Male, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Practice Guidelines as Topic, Prevalence, World Health Organization.
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antitubercular Agents.
- diagnosis : Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- drug therapy : Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- epidemiology : Africa, Western, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Prevalence, World Health Organization.
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). The goal was to establish Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) principles and build capacity in standardised smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture across partnering laboratories to generate the first comprehensive West African drug-resistance data.
Following GCLP and laboratory training sessions, TB isolates were collected at sentinel referral sites between 2009–2013 and tested for first- and second-line drug resistance.
From the analysis of 974 isolates, an unexpectedly high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains was found in new (6 %) and retreatment patients (35 %) across all sentinel sites, with the highest prevalence amongst retreatment patients in Bamako, Mali (59 %) and the two Nigerian sites in Ibadan and Lagos (39 % and 66 %). In Lagos, MDR is already spreading actively amongst 32 % of new patients. Pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) isolates are present in all sites, with Ghana showing the highest proportion (35 % of MDR). In Ghana and Togo, pre-XDR isolates are circulating amongst new patients.
West African drug-resistance prevalence poses a previously underestimated, yet serious public health threat, and our estimates obtained differ significantly from previous World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates. Therefore, our data are reshaping current concepts and are essential in informing WHO and public health strategists to implement urgently needed surveillance and control interventions in West Africa.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0704-5
PubMed: 27806714
PubMed Central: 5094099
Affiliations:
- Belgique, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Royaume-Uni, Sénégal, Togo, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Grand Londres, Rhode Island, Région du Grand Accra, État d'Oyo
- Accra, Ibadan, Londres
- Université d'Ibadan
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Le document en format XML
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xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ba Diallo, Awa" sort="Ba Diallo, Awa" uniqKey="Ba Diallo A" first="Awa" last="Ba-Diallo">Awa Ba-Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabna, Paulo" sort="Rabna, Paulo" uniqKey="Rabna P" first="Paulo" last="Rabna">Paulo Rabna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mane, Morto" sort="Mane, Morto" uniqKey="Mane M" first="Morto" last="Mane">Morto Mane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanogo, Moumine" sort="Sanogo, Moumine" uniqKey="Sanogo M" first="Moumine" last="Sanogo">Moumine Sanogo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dezemon, Zingue" sort="Dezemon, Zingue" uniqKey="Dezemon Z" first="Zingue" last="Dezemon">Zingue Dezemon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanou, Adama" sort="Sanou, Adama" uniqKey="Sanou A" first="Adama" last="Sanou">Adama Sanou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Senghore, Madikay" sort="Senghore, Madikay" uniqKey="Senghore M" first="Madikay" last="Senghore">Madikay Senghore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" sort="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" uniqKey="Kwambana Adams B" first="Brenda A." last="Kwambana-Adams">Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demba, Edward" sort="Demba, Edward" uniqKey="Demba E" first="Edward" last="Demba">Edward Demba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faal Jawara, Tutty" sort="Faal Jawara, Tutty" uniqKey="Faal Jawara T" first="Tutty" last="Faal-Jawara">Tutty Faal-Jawara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Samrat" sort="Kumar, Samrat" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Samrat" last="Kumar">Samrat Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold D" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold D" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold D." last="Tientcheu">Leopold D. Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Adama" sort="Jallow, Adama" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Adama" last="Jallow">Adama Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff23">National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ceesay, Samba" sort="Ceesay, Samba" uniqKey="Ceesay S" first="Samba" last="Ceesay">Samba Ceesay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff24">Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Serrekunda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaye, Assan" sort="Jaye, Assan" uniqKey="Jaye A" first="Assan" last="Jaye">Assan Jaye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J." last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Lessandro, Umberto" sort="D Lessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Lessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D Lessandro">Umberto D Lessandro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Serrekunda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampmann, Beate" sort="Kampmann, Beate" uniqKey="Kampmann B" first="Beate" last="Kampmann">Beate Kampmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff20">Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adegbola, Richard A" sort="Adegbola, Richard A" uniqKey="Adegbola R" first="Richard A." last="Adegbola">Richard A. Adegbola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff21">GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>GSK Vaccines, Wavre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wavre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mboup, Souleymane" sort="Mboup, Souleymane" uniqKey="Mboup S" first="Souleymane" last="Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumani" sort="Corrah, Tumani" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumani" last="Corrah">Tumani Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C." last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27806714</idno><idno type="pmc">5094099</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094099</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5094099</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12916-016-0704-5</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000102</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000102</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000101</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000101</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000A48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000A48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000A48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000128</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000128</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000128</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance</title><author><name sortKey="Gehre, Florian" sort="Gehre, Florian" uniqKey="Gehre F" first="Florian" last="Gehre">Florian Gehre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otu, Jacob" sort="Otu, Jacob" uniqKey="Otu J" first="Jacob" last="Otu">Jacob Otu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kendall, Lindsay" sort="Kendall, Lindsay" uniqKey="Kendall L" first="Lindsay" last="Kendall">Lindsay Kendall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Ghana Medical School, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwara, Awewura" sort="Kwara, Awewura" uniqKey="Kwara A" first="Awewura" last="Kwara">Awewura Kwara</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA</nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI USA</nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>The Miriam Hospital, Providence</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudzawu, Samuel" sort="Kudzawu, Samuel" uniqKey="Kudzawu S" first="Samuel" last="Kudzawu">Samuel Kudzawu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kehinde, Aderemi O" sort="Kehinde, Aderemi O" uniqKey="Kehinde A" first="Aderemi O." last="Kehinde">Aderemi O. Kehinde</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Ibadan</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Ibadan</settlement><region type="region">État d'Oyo</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo 23402 Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Oyo 23402 Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adebiyi, Oludele" sort="Adebiyi, Oludele" uniqKey="Adebiyi O" first="Oludele" last="Adebiyi">Oludele Adebiyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo 23402 Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Oyo 23402 Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salako, Kayode" sort="Salako, Kayode" uniqKey="Salako K" first="Kayode" last="Salako">Kayode Salako</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo 23402 Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Oyo 23402 Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldeh, Ignatius" sort="Baldeh, Ignatius" uniqKey="Baldeh I" first="Ignatius" last="Baldeh">Ignatius Baldeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Aisha" sort="Jallow, Aisha" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Aisha" last="Jallow">Aisha Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Mamadou" sort="Jallow, Mamadou" uniqKey="Jallow M" first="Mamadou" last="Jallow">Mamadou Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnra, Anoumou" sort="Dagnra, Anoumou" uniqKey="Dagnra A" first="Anoumou" last="Dagnra">Anoumou Dagnra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Disse, Kodjo" sort="Disse, Kodjo" uniqKey="Disse K" first="Kodjo" last="Dissé">Kodjo Dissé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kadanga, Essosimna A" sort="Kadanga, Essosimna A" uniqKey="Kadanga E" first="Essosimna A." last="Kadanga">Essosimna A. Kadanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Idigbe, Emmanuel Oni" sort="Idigbe, Emmanuel Oni" uniqKey="Idigbe E" first="Emmanuel Oni" last="Idigbe">Emmanuel Oni Idigbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onubogu, Catherine" sort="Onubogu, Catherine" uniqKey="Onubogu C" first="Catherine" last="Onubogu">Catherine Onubogu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onyejepu, Nneka" sort="Onyejepu, Nneka" uniqKey="Onyejepu N" first="Nneka" last="Onyejepu">Nneka Onyejepu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" sort="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" uniqKey="Gaye Diallo A" first="Aissatou" last="Gaye-Diallo">Aissatou Gaye-Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ba Diallo, Awa" sort="Ba Diallo, Awa" uniqKey="Ba Diallo A" first="Awa" last="Ba-Diallo">Awa Ba-Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabna, Paulo" sort="Rabna, Paulo" uniqKey="Rabna P" first="Paulo" last="Rabna">Paulo Rabna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mane, Morto" sort="Mane, Morto" uniqKey="Mane M" first="Morto" last="Mane">Morto Mane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanogo, Moumine" sort="Sanogo, Moumine" uniqKey="Sanogo M" first="Moumine" last="Sanogo">Moumine Sanogo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dezemon, Zingue" sort="Dezemon, Zingue" uniqKey="Dezemon Z" first="Zingue" last="Dezemon">Zingue Dezemon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanou, Adama" sort="Sanou, Adama" uniqKey="Sanou A" first="Adama" last="Sanou">Adama Sanou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Senghore, Madikay" sort="Senghore, Madikay" uniqKey="Senghore M" first="Madikay" last="Senghore">Madikay Senghore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" sort="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" uniqKey="Kwambana Adams B" first="Brenda A." last="Kwambana-Adams">Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demba, Edward" sort="Demba, Edward" uniqKey="Demba E" first="Edward" last="Demba">Edward Demba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faal Jawara, Tutty" sort="Faal Jawara, Tutty" uniqKey="Faal Jawara T" first="Tutty" last="Faal-Jawara">Tutty Faal-Jawara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Samrat" sort="Kumar, Samrat" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Samrat" last="Kumar">Samrat Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold D" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold D" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold D." last="Tientcheu">Leopold D. Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Adama" sort="Jallow, Adama" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Adama" last="Jallow">Adama Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff23">National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ceesay, Samba" sort="Ceesay, Samba" uniqKey="Ceesay S" first="Samba" last="Ceesay">Samba Ceesay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff24">Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Serrekunda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaye, Assan" sort="Jaye, Assan" uniqKey="Jaye A" first="Assan" last="Jaye">Assan Jaye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J." last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Lessandro, Umberto" sort="D Lessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Lessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D Lessandro">Umberto D Lessandro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Serrekunda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampmann, Beate" sort="Kampmann, Beate" uniqKey="Kampmann B" first="Beate" last="Kampmann">Beate Kampmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff20">Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adegbola, Richard A" sort="Adegbola, Richard A" uniqKey="Adegbola R" first="Richard A." last="Adegbola">Richard A. Adegbola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff21">GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>GSK Vaccines, Wavre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wavre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mboup, Souleymane" sort="Mboup, Souleymane" uniqKey="Mboup S" first="Souleymane" last="Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumani" sort="Corrah, Tumani" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumani" last="Corrah">Tumani Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C." last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19">Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1741-7015</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Africa, Western (epidemiology)</term><term>Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (diagnosis)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (drug therapy)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (epidemiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term><term>Practice Guidelines as Topic</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>World Health Organization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie)</term><term>Antituberculeux (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Organisation mondiale de la santé</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (diagnostic)</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (épidémiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa, Western</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Practice Guidelines as Topic</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>World Health Organization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Organisation mondiale de la santé</term><term>Prévalence</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). The goal was to establish Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) principles and build capacity in standardised smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture across partnering laboratories to generate the first comprehensive West African drug-resistance data.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Following GCLP and laboratory training sessions, TB isolates were collected at sentinel referral sites between 2009–2013 and tested for first- and second-line drug resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>From the analysis of 974 isolates, an unexpectedly high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains was found in new (6 %) and retreatment patients (35 %) across all sentinel sites, with the highest prevalence amongst retreatment patients in Bamako, Mali (59 %) and the two Nigerian sites in Ibadan and Lagos (39 % and 66 %). In Lagos, MDR is already spreading actively amongst 32 % of new patients. Pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) isolates are present in all sites, with Ghana showing the highest proportion (35 % of MDR). In Ghana and Togo, pre-XDR isolates are circulating amongst new patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>West African drug-resistance prevalence poses a previously underestimated, yet serious public health threat, and our estimates obtained differ significantly from previous World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates. Therefore, our data are reshaping current concepts and are essential in informing WHO and public health strategists to implement urgently needed surveillance and control interventions in West Africa.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roca, A" uniqKey="Roca A">A Roca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afolabi, Mo" uniqKey="Afolabi M">MO Afolabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saidu, Y" uniqKey="Saidu Y">Y Saidu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kampmann, B" uniqKey="Kampmann B">B Kampmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miiro, Gm" uniqKey="Miiro G">GM Miiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oukem Boyer, Oo" uniqKey="Oukem Boyer O">OO Oukem-Boyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarr, O" uniqKey="Sarr O">O Sarr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahmani, M" uniqKey="Rahmani M">M Rahmani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, F" uniqKey="Ntoumi F">F Ntoumi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ardito, F" uniqKey="Ardito F">F Ardito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Posteraro, B" uniqKey="Posteraro B">B Posteraro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanguinetti, M" uniqKey="Sanguinetti M">M Sanguinetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zanetti, S" uniqKey="Zanetti S">S Zanetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fadda, G" uniqKey="Fadda G">G Fadda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ani, Ae" uniqKey="Ani A">AE Ani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Idoko, J" uniqKey="Idoko J">J Idoko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalyop, Yb" uniqKey="Dalyop Y">YB Dalyop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pitmang, Sl" uniqKey="Pitmang S">SL Pitmang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daniel, O" uniqKey="Daniel O">O Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osman, E" uniqKey="Osman E">E Osman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kehinde, Ao" uniqKey="Kehinde A">AO Kehinde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adebiyi, Eo" uniqKey="Adebiyi E">EO Adebiyi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawson, L" uniqKey="Lawson L">L Lawson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yassin, Ma" uniqKey="Yassin M">MA Yassin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdurrahman, St" uniqKey="Abdurrahman S">ST Abdurrahman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parry, Cm" uniqKey="Parry C">CM Parry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dacombe, R" uniqKey="Dacombe R">R Dacombe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otu, A" uniqKey="Otu A">A Otu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umoh, V" uniqKey="Umoh V">V Umoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habib, A" uniqKey="Habib A">A Habib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansa, V" uniqKey="Ansa V">V Ansa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sangare, L" uniqKey="Sangare L">L Sangare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diande, S" uniqKey="Diande S">S Diande</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badoum, G" uniqKey="Badoum G">G Badoum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dingtoumda, B" uniqKey="Dingtoumda B">B Dingtoumda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Traore, As" uniqKey="Traore A">AS Traore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sangare, L" uniqKey="Sangare L">L Sangare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diande, S" uniqKey="Diande S">S Diande</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kouanda, S" uniqKey="Kouanda S">S Kouanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dingtoumda, Bi" uniqKey="Dingtoumda B">BI Dingtoumda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mourfou, A" uniqKey="Mourfou A">A Mourfou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saleri, N" uniqKey="Saleri N">N Saleri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badoum, G" uniqKey="Badoum G">G Badoum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ouedraogo, M" uniqKey="Ouedraogo M">M Ouedraogo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dembele, Sm" uniqKey="Dembele S">SM Dembele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nacanabo, R" uniqKey="Nacanabo R">R Nacanabo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adegbola, Ra" uniqKey="Adegbola R">RA Adegbola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, P" uniqKey="Hill P">P Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldeh, I" uniqKey="Baldeh I">I Baldeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otu, J" uniqKey="Otu J">J Otu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarr, R" uniqKey="Sarr R">R Sarr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Deun, A" uniqKey="Van Deun A">A Van Deun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maug, Ak" uniqKey="Maug A">AK Maug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salim, Ma" uniqKey="Salim M">MA Salim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Pk" uniqKey="Das P">PK Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarker, Mr" uniqKey="Sarker M">MR Sarker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuaban, C" uniqKey="Kuaban C">C Kuaban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noeske, J" uniqKey="Noeske J">J Noeske</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rieder, Hl" uniqKey="Rieder H">HL Rieder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Khaled, N" uniqKey="Ait Khaled N">N Ait-Khaled</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abena Foe, Jl" uniqKey="Abena Foe J">JL Abena Foe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Piubello, A" uniqKey="Piubello A">A Piubello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harouna, Sh" uniqKey="Harouna S">SH Harouna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Souleymane, Mb" uniqKey="Souleymane M">MB Souleymane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boukary, I" uniqKey="Boukary I">I Boukary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morou, S" uniqKey="Morou S">S Morou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Belgique</li><li>Burkina Faso</li><li>Cameroun</li><li>Gambie</li><li>Ghana</li><li>Guinée-Bissau</li><li>Mali</li><li>Nigeria</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Sénégal</li><li>Togo</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Rhode Island</li><li>Région du Grand Accra</li><li>État d'Oyo</li></region><settlement><li>Accra</li><li>Ibadan</li><li>Londres</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Ibadan</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Adebiyi, Oludele" sort="Adebiyi, Oludele" uniqKey="Adebiyi O" first="Oludele" last="Adebiyi">Oludele Adebiyi</name><name sortKey="Salako, Kayode" sort="Salako, Kayode" uniqKey="Salako K" first="Kayode" last="Salako">Kayode Salako</name></noCountry><country name="Gambie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gehre, Florian" sort="Gehre, Florian" uniqKey="Gehre F" first="Florian" last="Gehre">Florian Gehre</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><name sortKey="Baldeh, Ignatius" sort="Baldeh, Ignatius" uniqKey="Baldeh I" first="Ignatius" last="Baldeh">Ignatius Baldeh</name><name sortKey="Ceesay, Samba" sort="Ceesay, Samba" uniqKey="Ceesay S" first="Samba" last="Ceesay">Samba Ceesay</name><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumani" sort="Corrah, Tumani" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumani" last="Corrah">Tumani Corrah</name><name 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De Jong</name><name sortKey="Kumar, Samrat" sort="Kumar, Samrat" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Samrat" last="Kumar">Samrat Kumar</name></country><country name="Ghana"><region name="Région du Grand Accra"><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name></region><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><name sortKey="Kudzawu, Samuel" sort="Kudzawu, Samuel" uniqKey="Kudzawu S" first="Samuel" last="Kudzawu">Samuel Kudzawu</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Rhode Island"><name sortKey="Kwara, Awewura" sort="Kwara, Awewura" uniqKey="Kwara A" first="Awewura" last="Kwara">Awewura Kwara</name></region><name sortKey="Kwara, Awewura" sort="Kwara, Awewura" uniqKey="Kwara A" first="Awewura" last="Kwara">Awewura Kwara</name></country><country name="Nigeria"><region name="État d'Oyo"><name sortKey="Kehinde, Aderemi O" sort="Kehinde, Aderemi O" uniqKey="Kehinde A" first="Aderemi O." last="Kehinde">Aderemi O. 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Kadanga</name></country><country name="Sénégal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" sort="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" uniqKey="Gaye Diallo A" first="Aissatou" last="Gaye-Diallo">Aissatou Gaye-Diallo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ba Diallo, Awa" sort="Ba Diallo, Awa" uniqKey="Ba Diallo A" first="Awa" last="Ba-Diallo">Awa Ba-Diallo</name><name sortKey="Mboup, Souleymane" sort="Mboup, Souleymane" uniqKey="Mboup S" first="Souleymane" last="Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</name></country><country name="Guinée-Bissau"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rabna, Paulo" sort="Rabna, Paulo" uniqKey="Rabna P" first="Paulo" last="Rabna">Paulo Rabna</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Mane, Morto" sort="Mane, Morto" uniqKey="Mane M" first="Morto" last="Mane">Morto Mane</name></country><country name="Mali"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sanogo, Moumine" sort="Sanogo, Moumine" uniqKey="Sanogo M" first="Moumine" last="Sanogo">Moumine Sanogo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name></country><country name="Burkina Faso"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dezemon, Zingue" sort="Dezemon, Zingue" uniqKey="Dezemon Z" first="Zingue" last="Dezemon">Zingue Dezemon</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Sanou, Adama" sort="Sanou, Adama" uniqKey="Sanou A" first="Adama" last="Sanou">Adama Sanou</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Senghore, Madikay" sort="Senghore, Madikay" uniqKey="Senghore M" first="Madikay" last="Senghore">Madikay Senghore</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><name sortKey="D Lessandro, Umberto" sort="D Lessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Lessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D Lessandro">Umberto D Lessandro</name><name sortKey="Kampmann, Beate" sort="Kampmann, Beate" uniqKey="Kampmann B" first="Beate" last="Kampmann">Beate Kampmann</name><name sortKey="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" sort="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" uniqKey="Kwambana Adams B" first="Brenda A." last="Kwambana-Adams">Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams</name><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J." last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name></country><country name="Cameroun"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold D" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold D" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold D." last="Tientcheu">Leopold D. Tientcheu</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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